There are certain ocular diseases that we all know can cause blindness, and we know that we should be checked for those at every eye examination.  But during my tenure as an optometrist, I have discovered that while most people have heard of conditions like glaucoma, cataracts, and macular degeneration, we haven't done a very good job of telling people what those ocular conditions actually are. Glaucoma is a disease of the eye where the optic nerve is destroyed, causing permanent visual loss.  For more details, please read this post.  What most people don't realize is that diagnosing glaucoma is a very complicated process.  Your doctor can't just look at your eyes and say "You have it!" (unless it is very advanced that is).  Here is a breakdown of all the information your doctor is collecting to screen your eyes for glaucoma at every eye examination:

1) Checking the pressure inside the eye

Goldmann's Tonometry is a more accurate pressure reading that is often used to verify NCT (or air puff) data

The dreaded air puff test has an important goal-- it tells your doctor the pressure inside of your eye.  A range of pressure between 10 and 21 mmHg is considered normal, but some people are going to have higher pressure and it still be normal for them.  The air puff (or non-contact tonometer) is a preliminary screening tool.  If your pressure is high, it does not mean you have glaucoma.  If your pressure is normal, it does not mean that you don't have glaucoma.  Your eye pressure is going to be different depending on the time of day, the medications you take, whether you are sitting or lying down... Lots of things can vary.  But over the course of several years of pressure data, your doctor is compiling a trend for your "normal" pressure, which can help them find suspicious changes with time.  For example let's say you have a pressure of 10 for several years, and the next year we check your pressure and it is 18 mmHg.  That is still a normal pressure reading according to our "average range", but it is not normal for you!

2) Inspecting the Anatomy of the Eye
I don't want to make this too complicated, but when the doctor looks at the surface of your eye in the microscope, they are checking for numerous medical conditions, including suspicious structural changes that could cause acute spikes in your eye pressure.  If the anatomy of your eye where the cornea meets the iris (colored part of the eye) is very narrow, you are in a higher risk category for having this acute spike.  This is something your doctor measures at every examination, and will record in your chart whether this structural meeting place is "wide open" or grade the amount of narrowing on a scale of 1 to 4.  If you are in the 1-2 range on this grading scale (very narrow), your doctor will be discussing the signs and symptoms of an acute angle closure attack.  If you have acute onset redness, pain, blurry vision, and halos around lights, you need to be seen immediately!

3) Inspecting the Anatomy of the Optic Nerve

Via

The optic nerve is a like a chord that hooks the back of the eye to the brain.  In the retinal photographs that many doctors take, it looks like a yellow circle.  Inside of this chord, blood vessels run through delivering oxygen and nutrients to the eye.  That means that there is a hole inside of the nerve to let the vessels pass through.  In doctor-speak, this hole is called "the cup".  To make things as simple as possible, the bigger your hole, the more at risk you are for glaucoma, because in glaucoma the nerve tissue is dying, which would cause the hole to get bigger and bigger, or more hollowed out if you will.  Here's the catch -- not everyone with a large hole or "cup" has glaucoma.  Some people just genetically will have a large hole.  And not everyone with a small cup does not have glaucoma.  I have seen several patients with a small cup that had diffuse visual field loss from glaucoma.  There are some trends that help your doctor determine if your nerve "cup" size is normal:

• Is the size of the cup the same in both eyes?  If you have one large hole and one small hole, there is a greater chance that the eye with the large hole has a disease process.  Usually in nature we are symmetric in anatomy, so we would expect the right and the left eye optic nerve to look the same if it was healthy and normal.
• Is the size of the cup the same as last year?  As 10 years ago?  This is where photodocumentation is pivotal.  In a normal eye, the size of the hole in the nerve will not be changing from year to year.  If you have photos of your eye over a lifetime, it can be very beneficial to have your doctor compare to check for gradual changes.  If you started out with a smaller hole and now have a larger hole a few years later, that is very suspicious for glaucoma.
• Is there bleeding around the nerve?  A hemorrhage near the nerve is often a sign of glaucoma (called a Drance hemorrhage).
• The bigger the nerve, the bigger the cup.  This is a just a rule of thumb -- not everyone has the same size optic nerve.  If you have a larger optic nerve, your doctor expects you to have a larger hole inside the nerve.  What is a normal size hole in one person with a large nerve, could be a major glaucomatous process in another person with a smaller nerve size.  It is all relative!

This picture is from the right and left eye of the same patient.  Look at the asymmetry of the cup or hole inside the optic nerve!  The large hole inside the nerve on the right side of the photos is a major giveaway that this person probably has advanced glaucoma.